Yes, you can tell just by looking at them. The 8-shot 500 has a magazine cap that looks like a disc. It's attached to the barrel. The 9-shot 590 has a magazine cap that's seperate from the barrel and looks more like the cap on an 870 (in comparison to the 500's cap). The 6-shot 500 is easily distinguishable.
As for recommendations, it depends. If you plan on converting it with a Knoxx Sidewinder Tactical conversion kit, go for the shorter 500 (the 6-shot version). If money is an issue and you don't plan on converting it to a Sidewinder, go for the 8-shot 500. If money isn't an issue and you don't plan on converting it, go for the 9-shot 590.
The differences between the 8-shot 500 and the 9-shot 590 (aside from capacity) are all in the front of the guns. It's easier to find a Parkerized 590 than a Parkerized 500. Most 500s are blued. Some are Parkerized. Some have Marinecoat.
Mossbergs can't accept magazine extentions (discluding Sidewinder detachable mags). The 8-shot 500 and the 9-shot 590 already have maxed-out capacities, though. The 6-shot 500 looks like it should have been designed as a 7-shot. There's enough room between the end of the magazine tube and the muzzle to easily fit another round's length of tube and a longer spring.
The Armscor M-30 (a piece of crap but better than nothing) looks like a hybrid of a Mossberg 500 and a Winchester M-12. It has similar dimensions to a Mossberg 500 but it has a 7-round capacity (6+1, 2 3/4" only). However, it can't take Magnums. All in all, regardless of the 7th round, the Armscor M-30 is no substitute for the 6-shot version of the Mossberg 500 (let alone the 8-shot version).